Flying-machine.



A. G. BELL, F. W. BALDWIN, J. A. D. MOCURDY, G. H. GURTISS & T. E.SBLPRIDGE. 1:. A. snu'mnan, ADMINISTRATOR or T. n. snnrnmas, nnc'n.

FLYING MACHINE.

APILIOATIOH FILED APILB, 1909.

1,01 1,106. Patented Dec. 5, 1911.

5 SHEETS-SHEET 1.

A. G. BELL, F. W. BALDWIN, J. A. D. MCCURDY, G. H. GUR'IISS & T. E.SELPRIDGE. n. A. SELPEIDGE ADMINISTRATOR 0! T n. SBLPRIDGE, nno'n FLYINGMACHINE.

APPLICATION FILED APE.8, 1909.

Patented Dec. 5, 1911.

5 SHEETS-SHEET 2 (Z. W M W W A. G. BELL, P. BALDWIN, J. A. D. MQCURDY,G. H. OURTISS 6: T. E. SELFRIDGE.

3.1. BEL'PBIDGE, ADMINISTRATOR OF T. E SBLE'RIDGB, DEOD.

FLYING MACHINE APPLICATION FILED APR.8, 1909.

Patented Dec. 5, 1911.

5 BHEETBBHEET 34 an, ADMINISTRATOR or T. 1:. SELFRIDGE, mzo'n.

FLYING MACHINE.

APPLICATION FILED APR.8,1909.

(MA alum/#- ILLDWZ dun/0.

A. G. BELL, F. W. BALDWIN, J. A. D. MGCURDY, G. H. GURTISS: T. E.SBLFRIDGE.

M w .W MH w, W M M m uw fl m WW? P M A. G. BELL, F. W. BALDWIN, J. A. D.MGCURDY, G. H. CURTISS 61 '1. B. SELPRIDGE.

E. A. BELIRIDGE. ADMINISTRATOR OF T. E. BZLPRIDBE. DEUD.

I FLYING MACHINE.

APPLICATION FILED APK.8.1909 1,01 1,10 Patented Dec.5.1911.

5 SHEETS--SHEET 551 edurmol 5 UNITED STATES PATENT curios.

ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL, OF WASHINGTON, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, FREDERICK W.BALDWIN, OF TORONTO, ONTARIO, JOHN A. DOUGLAS MGQUBADY, OF BADDECK, NOVASCOTIA, GANADA, GLENN H. CUB'IISS, OF HAMMONDSIOET, NEW YORK, AN DEDWARD A. SELFRIDGE, OF SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA, ADMINISTRATOR 015'months E. snnrnrnen, nscnasnn, ASSIGNOBS WASHINGTON, msrarcr or cormm.

T9 cmrss J. nnnnrnusrnn, or

untrue-momma Specification of Letters rstent."

Patented Dec. 1911.

" Application filed s in s, 1909. semi 110. 488,779.

To allwhom it may concern: 7

Be it known that ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL, of Washington, District ofColumbia,

This invention relates 'to flying machines,

and more particularl to that class of flying machines ordinaril own asaeroplanes but which we pro er to'call aerodromes,

and has for its object to p'roduce a machine of this character whichshall combine maximum strength and minimum weight; shall be readilsteered caused to rise or descend at the wi l of the operator, and shallpossess means for maintaining its lateral balance or equilibrium, or forrestoring said balance or equilibrium if the same becomes disturbed, andshall be capable of rising at thecom- 'mencement of a flight without theuse of any launching apparatus, platform .or similar device. It hasheretofore been proposed to construct machines of this character inwhich the supporting surfaces are made flexible and the marginalportions thereof are war ed or flexed so'that the dilferent ends of t esupporting surfaces on the opposite sides of t e longitudinal medialline of present different angles of incidence; that'ls, the marginalgortion of the supporting surface on one si epresents a greater angleofincidence than does the mar inal portion on the opposite side of themachine, for the purpose of restoring the disturbed lateral balance orequilibrium of the machine the machine as'a whole. .ThlS is open to theobjection that the side of the machine presenting. the lesser an 1e ofincidence will advance in the forwar line of movement more rapidlythanthe'side of the machine presenting the greater angle of incidence,thereby imparting a turning movement to the machine toward that sidepresenting the greater angle of incidence,'and to overcome this andcause the machine to move in a straight line forward, it has been foundneoessary'to employ a vertical steering rudder in combination with theflexible supporting surfaces. In contradistinction to this construction,the machine of the resent invention is provided with rigid nonexiblesupporting surfaces, and means distinct from the supporting surfacesthemselves are provided, in combination with said rigid supportingsurfaces, for causing the lower si e of the machine to rise and thehigher side of'the machine to descendfor the pur pose of restoring thelateral balance thereof when the same has been disturbed.

Any suitable form of rigid non-flexible supporting surfaces ma beemployed,- and there may be one or a p urality of such surfaces arran edin any desired relation to each other, t 1e essential, however, beingthat the supporting surfaces shall be substantially rigid and shall notbe constructed to be warped or fiexcd forthe storing the lateral balance0 the structure when the same has become disturbed. Preferabl we employa plurality, as two, rigid none rible sup orting surfaces arranged oneabove the ot ier', said surfaces beingof a concave-convex form withtheir concave sides toward each other so that their central portions arefarther apart than their marginal portions, the two surfaces beingcomposed of suitable frames covered with a proper fabric, preferablyimpervious to air,

and the whole united into a strong, rigid non-flexible truss-likestructure by means 0 suitable struts or compression members and purposeof re-' properly arranged guy-wires. While such concavo-convex rigidsupporting surfaces are preferred, the same do not fo m en essehtialpart of the resent invention, since any rigld non-fiexib e supportinsurface or supporting surfaces may be emp oyed without departing fromthe limits of the inven tion.

Any suitable means distinct from the supporting surfaces themselves, andcapable of thereof when the same has been disturbed,

may be employed. As here" shown, Sflld' means consist of lateralbalancing rudders located on opposite sides of the longitudinal medialline of the machine, and preferably near the lateral extremities of thesupporting surfaces. These lateral balancing rudders form no art of thesupporting sur: faces and maybe located between the rigid supportingsurfaces or just beyond the marout in the claims.

disturbed, they referred to-as their function is not limited to thecontrol ginal ed es of the surfaces, or otherwise, as desire suitableoperating w res or other connections. extending therefrom to anopcrating lever controlled by the aviator, and

preferably arranged so as to be automatically operated by the'movementsof the aviators body whenever the lateral balance of the machine isdisturbed. While one of the main functions of these lateralv rudders isthat of balancing the machine or restoring the equilibrium when thesamehasbecome may also be employed for other purposes, since they may,1f desired, be so manipulated as to assist in steering the machine, aswell as contribute to an appreciable extent in causing the machine torise or descend. fore, that while these elements are herein .lateralbalancing rudders of the equilibrium of the machine, but they are alsocapable of performing other func tions.

The rigid non-flexible supporting surfaces united into a rigid structureand providcd with the lateral balancing rudders above referred to, aremounted, according to the present invention, upon a suitable chassis orframework, refer-ably supported on wheels, one of whic serves as asteering wheel to control the forward line of move ment of the machinewhen it is on the ground. The machine is also provided withrudder forflight when it ing direction to the lineo in the air, and preferably thesteering wheel above mentioned and said vertical steering rudder areconnected to a single 0 ratin mechanism, whereby the steering-w e'el an-vertical rudder are simultaneous y, operated, to the end that therudder mavbe p aced in a proper position-to continue the machine in thesame direction when in the air that it has at .the instant it leaves theund.

There arejvarious other ecific features of improvement which wil be,described more in detail hereinafter and then pointed The inventive ideaiiivolv'edin the ma chine of the present invention is capable .ofreceiving a variety of mechanical expres- It will be understood, there-'sions, one of which, for the purpose of illustrating the invention,is-shown in the accompanyin drawin but it is tobe expressly' un erstoodtat said drawin and the, particular construction shown t ereinanddescribed in the specification are'employed simply for thepurpose offacilitat- .mg the description of the' invention as a whole andnot forthe purpose of defining the limits of the invention, reference being hadto the claims for this purpose.

, Referring tothe drawings, in which like reference, numerals indicatelike parts,- Eigure' 1.-is a top lan view of one form of the machine witthe lateral balancing ruddersiplaced outside of the lateral marginallines of the ri 'd supporting surfaces; Fig. 2 is a front e evation ofthe machine with the forward steering rudder removed, and with thelateral balancing rudders placed between the lateral marginal or- .tionsof the rigid supporting'sur aces; ig. 3 is a plan view of one of therigid nonflexible' su portin surfaces; Fig.- 4 1s a perspective etail sowin the manner of mounting the lateral ba ancing rudders beyond' thelateral marginal lines'of therigid supporting surfaces, and Fig. 5 is alike view showing the manner of mounting the lateral balancingruddersfbetween the supportingsurfaces; Ei 6'is a-vertical section onthe lin 6 6 of Fig.9, lookin in the direction of the arrows, and Fig lis a erspective of the forward or horizontal ru der and its supporting Iframe and operating mechanism.

In said drawings, 1, '2, indicate non-flexible concavo-convex supportingsurfaces united into a rigid structure b means of suitable spacingstruts 3, 3, an guy-wires 4, 4, and tensionwires 5, 5, the saidnonflexible supporting surfaces being united with-their concave sidestoward each other, as clearly shown in Fig. 2.- As the particularconstruction of the rigid supporting suror frame 9,- Fig. 6, which frame[of the ordinary bicycle or rigid :non flexible supporting surfaces thussuperimposed one above the other and united together, are mounted on asuitable chassis s preferably supported on three wheels 10, 11 and 12,the forward wheel 10 being mounted in any suitable steeringhead 13, suchas that motorcycle construction, for. example, which steering head iscontrolled by a steering lever 14, Fig. 6.

Extending rearward: from the central porand'the specific manner ofuniting the 7 and; 8. The

tion of the machine is a frame 15 preferably made of any light material,as bamboo, which at its rear supports a vertical rudder l6, and, ifdesired, a steadyin tail-piece 17, the latter being in the form 0 arectangular cell whose upper and lower surfaces are covered with asuitable fabric, the cell between said surfaces, however, being openfrom front to rear. The vertical rudder may be supported in any suitableposition, but preferably, and as herein shown, is supported to the rearof the steadying tail-piece 17, and is mounted on vertical pivots andprovided with means for turning it about said pivots. Said means, ashere shown, are in the form of wires or cables 18, 18, extending fromopposite sides of the vertical rudder to a steering wheel 19 secured toand mounted to turn on a shaft 20. This shaft is supported on aframework 21 extending forward from the front portion of the machine andsupports the horizontal rudder 22, pivotally mounted at the forward endof the frame 21, so as to turn about a horizontal axis and rovided withan operating lever 23, pivotally connected at 24, to the shaft 20 of thesteering wheel 19, said shaft 20 being mounted in its bearings 25, 25,to slide longitudinally therein. By the turning movement of said wheel19 the steering wires or cables 18 are controlled to operate thevertical steerin rudder 16, and by sliding the rod 20 in its bearings25, the lever I 23 may be 0 erated to adju'st the horizontal steering ruder 22 to any angle desired. If laced at a positive angle of incidenceit wil have a tendency to lift the forward portion of the machine, and,therefore, to cause it to rise. if laced at a negative angle ofincidence it Wlll cause the machine to descend, and, if placed at aneutral angle,

will act to hold the machine on any glven horizontal course.

The operator sits grasping the wheel 19 and by ushing the wheel from himand thus sliding the rod or shaft 20 in its bearings he can 0 rate thehorizontal rudder 21 in one direction through the lever 23, and bypulling the wheel toward him and with it the shaft 20, he can operatethe horizontal rudder in the opposite direction. It will be seen,therefore, that the aviator controls the vertical rudder which gives theline of direction and the horizontal rudder which determines therrise ordescent of the machine through the single wheel 19. In addition to this,the wires or cables 18 leading to the vertical rudder 16 are alsoconnected on either side to the wires 26, 26, (Fig. 7 attached to thesteering lever M which controls the front steering wheel 10 on thechassis, so that at the same time that the steering wheel 19 is operatedfor adjusting the vertical steerin rudder, it also operates, and to thesame egree, the front steering wheel 10 on the chassis. It thereforefollows that if the machine is controlled by the front steering Wheel10, so as to move in any given direction while on the ground, thevertical steering rudder 16 will be in the proper position to have themachine continue in the same line of flight when it rises from theground; and vice versa, if the machine is in the air and the verticalrudder 16 is adjusted to direct it in any given line of flight, thefront steering wheel 10 will be adjusted precisely the same, with theresult that when the machine alights it will continue to move forward inthe same direction in which it was moving in the air at the instantbefore it touched the ground.

One of the most important features of the present invention is thatprovided for restoring the lateral equilibrium of the machine when,.forany reason, the same has become disturbed. In the present invention thisis accomplished by providing a plurality of lateral balancing ruddersplaced on opposite sides of the longitudinal medial line of the machine.In some forms of the invention there are two such rudders, one on eachside of the longitudinal medial line, which rudders are preferably ofequal area and are mounted to turn on normally horizontal axes extendingby preference parallel with the front line of the machine. These lateralbalancing rudders may be placed in any suitable position with respect tothe supporting surfaces 1 and 2, and have as one of their main functionsthe maintenance or restoration of the lateral equilibrium, since theyare entirely distinct from and do not in any sense constitute a part ofthe supporting surface of the machine. Said rudders may be placed abovethe supporting surfaces or below them, or otherwise. As shown in Figs. 2and 5, they are placed between the supportin surfaces. In said figures,27 indicates the ateral balancing rudders, which consist of a suitableframework 28 covered by a proper fabric and pivoted at its forward niar'in at 29, 29, to a part of the framework of the machine, here showninthe form of a horizontal bar 30 extending between two of the forwardseries of struts 3, 3, It will be understood that there are at least twoof these balancing rudders 27, one on each side of the longitudinalmedial line of the machine, as shown in Fig. 2, and that normally whenthe machine is in a state of lateral equilibrium, these balancingrudders are maintained horizontal to. that is, within the plane of theline of flight of the machine, and, since the pressure of the air aboveand below said lateral rudders is the same (owing to the fact thatnormally said rudders incline to neither a positive nor a negative angleof incidence) they constitute no part of the supporting surface of themachine as a whole. When, however, the lateral equilibrium of themachine has become disturbed that rudder on the lower side of themachine is inclined to a positive angle and that rudder on the higherside of the machine is inclined to a negative angle of incidence, sothat the one tends to lift the lower side of the machine and the otherto depress the higher side of the machine, thereby acting to again bringthe machine into a state of lateral equilibrium or on an even keel. Evenwhen so operated these rudders do not constitute a part of thesupporting surface of the machine, since the rudders are of the samearea and one being inclined at a negative and the other to an equal butpositive angle of incidence, the lifting action of one is neutralized bythe depressing action of the other.

In the construction just described but two lateral balancing rudders areemployed. If preferred, however, more than two may be employed, as, forexample, four such rudders may be used and may be mounted in anysuitable manner, preferably beyond or outside of the lateral marginallines of the supporting surfaces. For the purpose of thus mounting theselateral balancing rudders outside of or beyond the lateral marginallines of the supporting surfaces, the forward members of the frame ofeach supporting surface are extended outward beyond said lateralmarginal lines, as shown at 31, 31 (Fig. 4), and to these extensions thelateral balancin rudders 32, 32 (here shown as triangular in form) arepivoted as at 33, 33. Preferably and as here shown, there are two pairsof these lateral balancing rudders, one pair on each side of themachine, each of the rudders being mounted to turn on horizontal axesoutside of the lateral marginal lines of the supporting surfaces. Likethe rudders 27 shown in Figs. 2 and 5, these rudders normally lie in ahorizontal plane, that is, they are inqlined neither at a positive nor anegative angle of incidence, and, hence, do not constitute any part ofthe supporting surfaces of the machine. If, however, the lateralequilibrium of the machine is disturbed, that pair of rudders on thelower side of the machine is inclined at a positive angle of incidenceand that pair on the higher side of the machine is inclined at anegative angle of incidence precisely as described in connection withthe lateral balancing rudders 27, 27, shown in Figs. 2 and 5; and, sincethe area of the balancing rudders on one side of the machine is the sameas the area on the-opposite side of the machine, and since each pair ofrudders is inclined (for the purpose of restoring equilibrium) at thesame angle of incidence, (the one, however, being positive and the othernegative,) the lifting effect of those rudders inclined at the positiveangle of incidence is neutralized by the depressing effect of the otherpair of rudders inclined at a negative angle of incidence, so that thelifting effect of the two pairs of rudders combined, is zero. It willthus be seen that whatever may be the form or the position of thelateral balancing rudders employed, they perform the function ofrestoring the lateral equilibrium of the machine, and that they do notconstitute any part of the supporting surface. For the purpose ofcontrolling these lateral balancing rudders, whether the same aremounted between the supporting surfaces or beyond the lateral margins ofsaid supporting surfaces, or otherwise, suitable operating wires orcables 34, 34, are secured to said rudders and are led through suitablepullevs 35, 35, (Figs.

4 and 5) to a lever 36 (Fig. 1) pivoted at its rear end 38 to anysuitable part of the machine, as, for example, one of the rearmembers ofthe'framework. This lever is provided with any suitable means wherebythe aviator may shift the same on its pivot or fulcrum 38. Preferably,and as here shown, the lever is provided with forwardly extending arms39, which together constitute approximately a semi-circle and are sopositioned that when the aviator is sitting on the seat 40 they embracehis body below his arms. \Vhen the lateral equilibrium of the machine isdisturbed and one side, for example the right hand side of Fig. 1 isdepressed, and the other side, as the left hand side of Fig. 1, israised, the, instinctive movement of the aviator will cause him to leantoward the higher side, that is, toward the left hand side of Fig. 1,and he will, therefore, shift the lever 36 from right to left in Fig. 1.This shifting of the lever acts to effect a pull on the ruddercontrolling wire or cable 34 leading to the balancing rudder on thelower side of the machine, thereby drawing the rear portion of therudder downward and inclining the rudder at a positive angle ofincidence; and at the same time said movement of the lever operates toproduce a slack in the wire or cable 34 leading to the balancing rudderon the higher side of the machine so that it may be moved upward at itsrear portion, thus inclining it at a negative angle of incidence. Referring to Fig. 5, there is a controlling Wire or cable 34 attached to therear portion of the rudder 27 and extending through suitable guyepulleys35 to the upper side of the balancin rudder on the opposite side of themachine, so that when the controlling lever 36 is operated to inclinethe rudder on the lower side-of the machine to a positive angle, a pullis effected on the wire or cable 34 which 0 crates to incline thebalancing rudder on the opposite or upper side of the machine to acorresponding negative angle.

Referring to Fig. 4, the wire or cable 34' propelling the machine, and,ashere shown,

extending from the balancing rudders on one side to the balancingrudders on the opposite side of the machine, as well as the cables 34extending directly to the lever 36, are preferably attached res ectivelyto the bottom and top portions 0 a strut 41 extending between the tworudders 32, 32, as shown in Fig. 4, so that a pullon the cable or wire 3and a corresponding slack on the cable 34 operates to set the rudders32,32, at a negative angle of incidence, whereas a pull on the wire orcable 84, and a corresponding slack on the wire or cable 34' operatestomove the rudders in the reverse direction.

While it is deemed preferable, when the balancing rudders are employedsolely for maintaining or'restoring the equilibrium of the machine, toso. connect them that they are simultaneously operated in reversedirections, it will, of course, be understood that this is not at allnecessary, since each rudder or each set of rudders on the oppositesides of the medial line of the machine may each be provided with anoperating lever or mechanism entirely independent of the operatin rud eror rudders on the other side, so. that the rudders on opposite sides ofthe medial line of the machine may be independently. operated. When thisis done these lateral rudders could be employed not only for maintainingor restoring the e uilibrium of the machine, but might be us in place ofthe forward or. elevating and depressing rudder to cause the machinetorise or descend. This can be accomplished by simply setting the tworudders or sets of rudders at the sameangle of incidence, placing themboth ata positive angle to cause the machine to rise and a negativeangle to cause them to descend. -Moreover, if the two lateral rudders ortwo sets of lateral rudders are thus independently used in place of or1n addition to, the vertical steerin rudder for steerin the machine. Itwill apparent if the ru der or rudders on one side of the machine areplaced at an angle of incidence whether ositive or negative to the lineofflight w ile the rudders on the other side remain neutral, the machinewill turn to that side-on which the rudder is placed at an angle ofincidence.

In view of the foregoing it is to be distinctly understood that theinvention is not limited to the employement of lateral rad-- dcrs formaintaining or restoring the equilibrium, since said rudders are claimedherein as constituting ,a. partiof this invention for whatever use theymay beemployed.

.Any, suitable means may be employed for such means consist of a motor42, mounted in the middle portion of the machine and suitably geared toa proper shaft for drivlever or mechanism connected to the operable theycan be" ing a single propeller 43, at the rear of the machine, ut, asthe specific construction of motor and mounting of the propeller form nopart of the present invention, it will be unnecessary to describe thesame more in detail.

To launch the machine at the beginning of a flight, the same is placedupon the ground, as shown in Fig. 6. The aviator takes his position onthe seat 40 "(Fig 1), with the fork 39 embracing his body. and his handsgrasping the wheel 19, and the horizontal forward rudder insubstantially a. horizontal plane. The engine being started, the machineis driven along the ground, and is controlled by the aviator through thewheel 19 and the forward steering wheel 10 on the chassis. Whenthemachine has reached the desired speed on the ground, the aviatorpulls the steering wheel 19 toward him and thus inclines the horizontalsteering rudder to a positive angle of incidence, as, for example, thatshown in Fig. 6, thereby elevating the forward por- 'tion of the machineslightly and inclining the supporting surfaces 1 and 2 at a positiveangle of incidence, and thus causing the machine to rise. from theround. At the instant when this occurs, tie steering rudder 16 will beset in exactly the same vertical lane as the steering wheel 10, therebycausing the machine to continue in the same forward line of flight asits forward line of movement while on the ground.

It will be understood that the structure thus hereinbefore specificallydescribed may be varied in a great number of details, and that certainfeatures thereof may be used in the absence of others without departingfrom the spirit of the invention, and such changes in detail ofconstruction, and such uses of some of the features in the absence ofothers, are intended to be within the angle 0 incidence, a pair oflateral balancing rudders, one on each side of the medial fore andaftline. of the structure and each of said rudders normally havin a zeroangle of incidence and connections tween said rudders. v

2. In a flying machine, the combination of-a supporting surface havinga'positive angle of incidence, a pair of lateral balancing rudders, oneon each side of the medial fore and aft line of the structure, and eachof said rudders normally having a zero an le of incidence, andconnections between sai rudders whereby one is adjusted to a ositive andthe other to a negative angle of incidence.

, 3. In a flying machine, the combination of a supporting surface havinga positive angle of incidence, a pair of lateral balancin rud ders, oneon each side of the media fore and aft line of the structure, and eachof said rudders normally having a zero angle of incidence, and means forsimultaneously adjusting said rudders, the one to a positive and theother to a negative angle of incidence.

- 4. In a flying machine, the combination of a pair of suitably spacedsupporting surfaces having a positive angle of incidence, means unitingsaid supporting surfaces, and a pair of horizontal balancing ruddersnormally having a zero angle of incidence and arranged one on each sideof the medial fore and aft line of the structure and connec tionsbetween said rudders.

arran ed one on each si e of the medial fore' and a t line of thestructure, and connections between said rudders whereby one is adjustedto a positive and the other to a negative angle of .incidence.

6. In a flying machine, the combination of a supporting surface having apositive angle of incidence, a pair of lateral balancing rudders, onearranged on either side of the medial fore and aft line of the machine,means normally supporting said lateral balancing rudders at a zero angleof incidence, and means operatin to shift said balancing rudders toequal an opposite angles of incidence.

T; In a flying machine, the combination of a supporting surface having apositive angle of incidence, a pair of lateral bfldfll'lC'.

ing rudders, one arranged on either side of the medial fore and aft lineof the machine,

. means normally supporting said lateral balancing rudders at a zeroangle of incidence,

and means operatin to simultaneously shift said balancin rud ers toequal and opposite angles 0 incidence. I

8. In a flying machine, the combination of a su )porting surface'havin'ga positive angle 0 incidence, a pair of lateral balancing rudders, onearranged on either side of the'medial fore and aftline of the machine,connections between said balancin rudders, means normally supporting sailateral rudders ata zero an le of incidence, and means operating to shit said balancing rudders to equal and opposite angles of incidence. a

9. In a flying machine, the combination of a plurality of supportingsurfaces hav- 1n unltin said sup orting surfaces, and a pair ofhorizontal ba ancing rudders, one on each 7 side of the medial fore andaft line of the:

,of'a plurality of suitably spaced supporting a positive angle ofincidence, meansv structure and each mounted outside of the lateralmarginal extremities of said supporting surfaces and having normally azero angle of incidence.

10. In a flying machine, the combination of a pair of suitably spacedsupportin surfaces having a positive angle of incidence, means unitingsaidsupportmg surfaces, and a pair of horizontal balancing ruddersnormally having a zero an le of incidence, one on each side of themedial fore and aft line of the structure, and each of said rudders beinmounted outside of the lateral marginal lines of said supportingsurfaces and on an axis transverse 'to the line of flight.

11. In a flying machine, the combination of a'pair of suitably spacedsupportin surfaces having a positive angle of incidence,

means unitm said supporting surfaces, a

lateral balancmg rudder normally having a zero angle of incidence andmounted on an axis transverse to the line of flight on each side of themedial fore and aft line of the structure, and means inclining the saidrud der on one-side of the structure at a positive angle of incidenceand the rudder on the opposite side of the structure at a negative angleof incidence. v

12.; In a; flyin machine, the combination surfaces having a positiveangle of incidence, means uniting said supporting surfaces, a pair oflateral balancing rudders,

one on eachside of the medial fore and aft line of the structure, andeach of said ruddcrs normally having a zero angle of incidence, and asingle controlling lever operativelyeonnected' to both of said rudders.

13. In'a flyin machine, the combination "of a plurality o suitablyspaced supporting surfaces having a positive angle of lIlCldence, meansuniting said supporting surfaces, a' pair'of lateral balancing rudders,one on each side of the medial fore and aft line of the structure andoutside of the marginal extremities of said supporting surfaces and eachof said rudders normally having a zero angle'of incidence, and a. singlecontrolling lever operatively connected to both of said rudders.

.14. In a' flyin machine, the combination of a plurality o suitablyspaced support-ing surfaces having a positive angle of incidence, meansuniting said su orting surfaces,,a pair of lateral balancing rudders,.120 one on each side of the medial fore and aft line of the structureand each of said rudders. normally having a zero angle of incidence, anda single controllin lever operatively connected to both of sai ruddersand 125 having a part inoperative relation with the person of theaviator.

deuce, means uniting said supporting surfaces, a pair of lateralbalancing rudders, one on each side of the medial fore and aft line ofthe structure and outside of the marginal extremities of said supportingsurfaces and each of said rudders normally having a zero angle ofincidence, and a single controlling leve'r operatively connected to bothof said rudders and having 13 a partin operative relation with theperson of the aviator.

16. In a flying machine, the combination of a plurality of suitablyspaced supporting surfaces having a positive angle of incidence, meansuniting said supporting surfaces, a pair of lateral balancing rudders,one on each side of the medial fore and aft line of the structure andeach of said rudders normally having a zero angle of incidence, and acontrolling lever operatively connected to both of said rudders andhaving a part embracing the body of the aviator.

17. In a flying machine, the combination of a plurality of suitablyspaced supporting surfaces having a positive angle of incidencc, meansuniting said supporting surfaces, a pair of lateral balancing rudders,one on each side of the medial fore and aft line of the structure andoutside of the marginal extremities of said supporting surfaces, andeach of said rudders normally having a zero angle of incidence, and acontrolling lever operatively connected to both of said rudders andhaving a part embracing the body of the aviator.

18. In a flying machine, the combination of a plurality of suitablyspaced supporting surfaces having a positive angle of incidence, amember projecting outside of the lateral marginal line of said surfaces,:1. rudder f-ulcrumed to each of said projecting members and normallyhaving a zero angle of incidence, and means for operating said rudders.

19. In a flying machine, the combination of a pair of superposedsupporting surfaces having a positive angle of incidence, means unitingsaid supporting surfaces into a. rigid non-flexing structure, a pair oflateral bal 50 ancing rudders normally having a zero angle of incidenceand one on each side of the medial fore and aft line of the structure,means connecting said rudders together whereby a movement of one impartsa reverse movement to the other, and operating means connected to bothof said rudders.

20. In a flying machine, the combination of a pair of superposedsupporting surfaces having a positive angle of incidepce, means unitingsaid supporting surfaces into a rigid non-flexing structure, a pair oflateral balancing rudders normally having a zero angle of incidence, oneon each side of the medial fore and aft line of the structure andoutside 65 of the marginal extremities of said supporting surfaces,means connecting said rudders together whereby a movement of one impartsa reverse movement to the other, and operating means connected to bothof said rudders.

21. In a flying machine, the combination of a pair of suitably spacedsupporting surfaces having a positive angle of incidence and meansuniting the same, a pair of lateral balancing rudders normally havin ahero angle of incidence, one on each si e of the medial fore and aftline of the structure, means for operating said lateral rudders, anelevating and depressing device, and means for operatin said device.

22. In a ying machine, the combination of a supporting surface, a pairof lateral balancin rudders, one on each side of the medial ore and aftline of the structure, an elevating and depressing device, a steeringrudder, a shaft mounted to move lon itudinally and operatively connectedto said elevating and depressing device, a member mounted on said shaftand connected to said steering rudder, and means for operating saidbalancing rudders.

23. In a flying machine, the combination of a chassis mounted on wheelsone of which is a steering Wheel, an aerodrome mounted on said chassis,a steering rudder, an elevating and-depressing device, a longitudi nallymovable shaft, a steering element mounted on said shaft and meansoperatively connecting said element to said steering rudder and steeringwheel, and operative connections between said shaft and said elevatingand depressing device.

24.- In a flying machine, the combination of an aerodrome having apositive angle of incidence and two lateral balancing rudders normallyhaving a zero angle of incidence, one on each side of the medial foreand aft line of the machine and pivotally supported on the outside ofthe lateral marginal lines thereof, and means automatically operated bythe body movements of the aviator and gperatively connected to saidbalancing ruders.

25. In a flying machine, the combination of a pair of superposedsupporting surfaces having a positive angle of incidence, means unitingsaid supporting surfaces into a rigid non-flexing structure, a. lateralbalancing rudder normally having a zero angle of incidence on each sideof the medial fore and aft line of the structure and mounted to turn onan axis substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the machine,and means connecting said rudders whereby a movement of one imparts areverse movement to the other, and operating means connected to both ofsaid rudders.

26. In a flying machine, the combination of a plurality of suitablyspaced supporting surfaces having a positive angle of incidence,

a member projecting outside of the lateral marginal extremities of eachof said surfaces and in line with the front marginal edge thereof, arudder fulcrumed .to each of said projecting members, and means foroperating said rudders.

27. In a flyin machine, the combination of a plurality o suitably spacedsupporting surfaces having a positive angle of incidence, means unitingsaid supporting surfaces, a pair of lateral balancing rudders, one oneach side of the medial fore and aft line of the structure, and each ofsaid rudders normally having) a zero angle of incidence, and connectionsetween said rudders whereby one is adjusted to a ositive and the otherto a negative angle 0 incidence.

28. In a fiyin machine, the combination of a plurality o suitably spacedsupporting surfaces having a positive angle of incidence, means unitingsaid supporting surfaces, :1. pair of lateral balancing rudders, one oneach side of the medial fore and aft line of the structure, and each ofsaid rudders normally having a zero angle of incidence, and means forsimultaneously adjusting said rudders the one to a ositive and the otherto a negative angle 0 incidence.

In testimony whereof we have signed this specification in the presenceof two subscribing witnesses.

ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL. FREDERICK W. BALDWIN. J. A. DOUGLAS MoCURDY.GLENN HLCURTISS. EDWARD A. SELFRIDGE, Administrator of the estate ofThomas E.

Selfm'dge, deceased.

lVitnesses as to the si natures of Alexander Graham Bell, Fre erick W.Baldwin, and J. A. Douglas McCurdy: CHARLES R. Cox EDW. GEOFF. Sums.Witnesses as to the signature of Glenn H. Curtiss:

L. G. HORTON, F. D. STELLER. Wit esses as to the signature of Edward A.Sel rid e:

E. SELFRIDGE, Jr., ALEXANDER F. McMomu.

